Introduction: Biodesulfurization is used as a selective method for lowering the sulfur content of petroleum products.Materials and methods: A sulfur-oxidation bacterial strain named Rhodococcus erythropolis R1 (NCBI GenBank Accession No. GU570564) was used in this study for desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT).Results: The induced culture of strain R1 was able to produce 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2- HBP) from DBT followed 4S pathway without further degrading carbon backbone. This process confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The specific activity of DBT desulfurization by R1 was 45 mM (g dry wt) -1 h-1. The addition of Tween 80 as surfactant and glycerol as carbon source determines a 100% rate of DBT-desulfurization during 3 days. The heavy plasmid detected in R1 strain carries dsz genes responsible for biodesulfurization of DBT that was shown by PCR reaction. The mutant strains which had lost this plasmid also had lost desulfurization phenotype. Both mutant and wild strain were sensitive to high concentration of 2-HBP and some antibiotics.Discussion and conclusion: Strain R1 desulfurize DBT through the sulfur-specific degradation pathway or 4S pathway with the selective cleavage of carbon-sulfur (C-S) bonds without reducing the energy content. Addition of surfactant enhanced the desulfurization of DBT by increasing its bioavailability and also could improve the growth and desulfurization rate. The location of desulfurization genes was on a heavy plasmid in strain R1. Based on the results of this study, R. erythropolis R1 could serve as a model system for efficient biodesulfurization of petroleum oil without reducing the energy value.

One of major discussions in the history of theology and philosophy, whether in western or Islamic culture, is whether the reason can gain a positive KNOWLEDGE of the divine attributes. The author in this paper has attempted to show, on the basis of both rational proofs and textual proofs that NEGATIVE (or apophatic) KNOWLEDGE is the only available KNOWLEDGE of God's qualities, so that any attempt to acquire a positive KNOWLEDGE is resulted in anthropomorphism, which is false by reason and tradition.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

Scientific scepticism, fundamentally, questions the veracity and epistemic value of claims not supported by scientific evidence. Motivated by the assumption that only the empirical investigation of reality leads to the truth, the scientific sceptics often maintain that only scientific method is best suited for this purpose. Claims found to be wanting in scientific evidence are considered untrue, and of little or no epistemic consequence. Using the analytical and critical methods, this paper interrogates this epistemic criterion of justification of scientific scepticism. It shows the inherent epistemic deficits in this criterion of the scientific sceptics, and how absolutizing its demands in such a manner as to undermine the veracity and epistemic significance of claims outside the mainstream discipline of science is not only to entrap themselves in many epistemic burdens, but also to sink under the unsavoury weight of criteriological egocentrism, detrimental to cognitive progress. As a credible alternative, this paper explores the epistemic fecundity of contextualistic pluralism – the pluralism of contextually underwritten cognitive positions – in truth and KNOWLEDGE justification. It concludes with the relevance of this approach in epistemic justification as evident in its inclusive nature as well as its shift of the focus of philosophical thinking from identity to diversity in an interculturality society.

The purpose of this research is to explore the positive and NEGATIVE roles of mentoring on improving KNOWLEDGE sharing. High turnover rate of talented and experienced employees in this industry are seen due to the fierce competition between active companies in the capital market industry. Thus, we suggest mentoring to keep and share KNOWLEDGE in company before they intend to quit. The statistical society of the research is experienced employees and human resource specialists in Amin Tamin Sarmayeh, Lotos Parsian, and Melat bank who were aware of the subject. In addition, the sample was selected using snowball sampling. Qualitative research method is used and we used interview to data collecting. Theme analysis is used to data anlyzing. Generally, the purpose of this research is to answer to three questions: 1. what are the barriers of sharing KNOWLEDGE? 2. What are the volunteer ways to perform mentoring in company? And 3. What strategies would you recommend to prevent the mentee to quit the organization? According to the results, from the perspective of Participators, KNOWLEDGE sharing barriers were divided to three parts: individual, organizational, and cultural barriers. To perform mentoring, volunteer strategies in organization include three following parts: training, compensation, and appointed curator of the implementation of mentoring. To prevent the mentee to quit the organization, the strategies are divided in four parts as follows: hiring, job advantages after mentoring, branding, mentoring executive procedures.

The fast growing evolutions in our organizations and the organizations attempt to manage these changes efficiently reveals that in order to tackle these problems, which are threatening the existence of our organizations, and convert them into development chances we need to supply our organizations with KNOWLEDGE and KNOWLEDGE management. Having done this, it would be possible to pass through the labyrinth of current changes in today’s world and make our organizations grow in an efficient manner. In fact, KNOWLEDGE is a tool which can convert natural and individual assets into wealth and direct us to progress and improvement. In this article, with the aid of a literature survey, the concept of KNOWLEDGE and its types, KNOWLEDGE management and its associated models as well as its goals and obstacles especially in governmental organizations are described. Afterwards, there is a conclusion on how to expedite this procedure and finally, the current situation in Police Organization is discussed via interviews and document studies. This approach has been followed several times in recent years and has led to a number of outcomes.

This research was carried out with the purpose of determining the effectiveness of the self-KNOWLEDGE educational package based on the theory of existentialism on the illogical beliefs of communication on people. The statistical population included all married people who referred to counseling and psychological centers in Tehran's 1st and 3rd districts with marital problems. In the current research, experimental research method of quasi-experimental type of pre-test and post-test design with control group was used. In the research sample, 16 people who had a high level of irrational beliefs were selected voluntarily based on the answers to the voluntary questionnaire of counseling centers, and 8 people were randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups. The data collection tool was Adilson and Epstein's communication irrational beliefs questionnaire, which was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and 12 data collection training sessions. Multivariate analysis of covariance or MANOVA method was used for data analysis. The results of the analysis of covariance in the Mankva text showed that in the main hypothesis, the analysis of covariance in the variable of couples' irrational beliefs (sig=0.02, F=6.059) is significant. The results of the sub-hypotheses also showed that the analysis of covariance in the variable of destructiveness, belief in the changeability of the spouse, belief in mind reading, belief in sexual perfectionism and sexual differences of couples is significant. the self-KNOWLEDGE education based on the existentialism approach is effective on the irrational beliefs of married people.

Critical rationalism faces difficulty in Karl Popper’s Socratic formulation: “I may be wrong, and you may be right, and by an effort, we may find the truth.” But the Socratic elenchus, using refutations, can only give us NEGATIVE KNOWLEDGE of general principles, which is not the wisdom we seek. Affirmatively, we can only find a collection of opinions to be coherent, which is one of many. Francis Bacon proposed an improved elenchus to find general truths. You must take up a limited topic to study, then cross-examine your evidence for and against its apparent nature. Experiments contrary to evidence and presumed KNOWLEDGE are entered as self-contradictions in tables of opposition recorded in an “experimental and natural history.” Such an account highlights a challenging puzzle if the account is to be made coherent. With enough problematized evidence, a coherent reading, or a solution of the puzzle, will be unique. Being both coherent and unique, it will be the truth about that limited reality being investigated. Unlike the method of hypothesis (“Anticipating Nature”), deciphering a coherent model is “Interpreting Nature,” allowing us to find a general truth on a limited topic. Isaac Newton achieved great success using Robert Boyle’s mechanistic version of this method. Using the “experimental philosophy,” he discovered general principles of optics and astronomy.